Absolute Zero

Absolute Zero

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Absolute Zero Links

• BEC (Bose-Einstein Condensation) Homepage "A new form of matter at the coldest temperatures in the universe." Simplified, surprisingly clear explanation. Includes cartoon illustrations.
  
• The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 This includes the press release of the Nobel Committee for the prize given to Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William D. Phillips, for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light. For those wanting more scientific details, be sure to click the link for "Additional background material" under "Further Reading."
  
• What is absolute zero? An answer from the Lansing State Journal in Michigan, January 29, 1992.
  
• "Absolute Zero" Encarta Online Concise Encyclopedia article
  
• Research groups involved in atom trapping and cooling A detailed links list of about 50 research groups around the world, with an immense list of subject links, as well. From the Laser Physics Group at Umeå University, Sweden.
  
• Absolute Zero! A solid and readable explanation of the physics by Professor Michael Lea, University of London.
  
• NIST: 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics News release of Dr. William D. Phillips 1997 prize, including links to his projects on laser cooling and trapping of atoms.
  
• Computer Simulation of laser cooling and trapping Download page for free copies of several "Cool Simulations."
  
• USC Physics & Astronomy: Physics 151 Lab Manual Click on: "Experiment X: Ideal Gas Law and the Absolute Zero of Temperature." Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader. The experiment uses liquid nitrogen.
  
• Below Absolute Zero -- What Does Negative Temperature Mean? Can you really make a system which has a temperature below absolute zero? From the Usenet Physics FAQ.
  
• Steven Chu, former Bell Labs researcher, wins 1997 Nobel in physics Using lasers to trap and cool molecules for study. Nobel Prize for Chu, Phillips, and Cohen-Tannoudji.
  
• NIST - Atomic Physics Division - Laser Cooling and Trapping Group This department of the National Institute of Standards and Technology studies the physics of laser cooling, electromagnetic trapping, and other radiative manipulation of neutral atoms and dielectric particles. Home of 1997 Nobel Prize winner William D. Phillips, whose team has cooled atoms to less than a millionth of a degree above absolute zero.
  
• BEC: Bose Einstein Condensation of Sodium A summary of the NIST project.