Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Links

• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online philosophy reference work, articles are authored and updated by experts in the field. Edited by Edward Zalta.
  
  
• Multiple Realizability John Bickle discusses the contention that a given mental kind (property, state, event) is realized by distinct physical kinds.
  
• Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind By Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin.
  
• Voluntary Euthanasia By Robert Young, La Trobe University.
  
• Original Position The original position is a hypothetical situation in which rational calculators, acting as agents or trustees for the interests of concrete individuals, are pictured as choosing those principles of social relations under which their principals would do best. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Fred D'Agostino.
  
• Bosanquet, Bernard William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University introduces the absolute idealist.
  
• Qualia Qualia are introspectively accessible, phenomenal aspects of our mental lives. By Michael Tye.
  
• Church-Turing Thesis Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand outlines this frequently misunderstood thesis.
  
• Animal Consciousness By Colin Allen of Texas A & M, addressing the qualitative or phenomenological nature of experience.
  
• Divine Illumination Augustine's doctrine described by Robert Pasnau of the University of Colorado.
  
• War Article on the ethics of war and peace, the Just War theory, and pacificsm. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Brian D. Orend.
  
• Wilfrid Sellars By Jay F. Rosenberg.
  
• Leibniz on the Problem of Evil By Michael J. Murray, Franklin & Marshall College.
  
• Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory Assesses the metaphysical implications of quantum theory by considering the impact of the theory on our understanding of objects as individuals with well defined identity conditions. By Steven French of Leeds University.
  
• The Epistemology of Religion By Peter Forrest.
  
• Pantheism Definition of Pantheism by Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia.
  
• Bradley, F. H. By Stewart Candlish of the University of Western Australia.
  
• Causal Processes Bertrand Russell, Wesley Salmon, and conserved quantities. By Phil Dowe of the University of Tasmania.
  
• Distributive Justice By Julian Lamont, University of Queensland.
  
• Stoicism Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. By Dirk Baltzly.
  
• Epiphenomenalism Discusses the view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but have no effects upon any physical events. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by William S. Robinson.
  
• Richard the Sophister Richardus Sophista was an English philosopher/logician who studied at Oxford most likely sometime during the second quarter of the thirteenth century. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Paul Streveler.
  
• Tropes An article describing tropes by John Bacon.
  
• Inconsistent Mathematics By Chris Mortensen, University of Adelaide.
  
• Saint Augustine By Michael Mendelson of Lehigh University.
  
• Sorites Paradox By Dominic Hyde.
  
• Deflationary Theory of Truth According to the deflationary theory of truth, to assert that a statement is true is just to assert the statement itself. By Daniel Stoljar.
  
• Russell, Bertrand By A. D. Irvine.
  
• Liberalism Gerald F. Gaus outlines the general philosophical theory of liberalism.
  
• Russell's Paradox By A. D. Irvine.
  
• Logical Constructions Bernard Linsky, University of Alberta.
  
• Coherence Theory of Truth The truth of any (true) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified set of propositions. By James O. Young.
  
• Karl Popper By Stephen Thornton from the University of Limerick.
  
• Folk Psychology as Mental Simulation By Robert M. Gordon, University of Missouri.
  
• The Language of Thought Hypothesis By Murat Aydede, surveying the arguments for and against the proposition that thoughts are expressed in a mental language.
  
• Peter John Olivi Life and work of one of the most original and interesting philosophers of the later Middle Ages. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robert Pasnau.
  
• Feminist Ethics By Rosemarie Tong, Davidson College.
  
• Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract By Fred D'Agostino.
  
• Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification Survey of theories according to which knowledge and justified belief rest ultimately on a foundation of noninferential knowledge or justified belief. By Richard Fumerton of the University of Iowa.
  
• William Godwin Article on the life and work of the founder of philosophical anarchism. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Mark Philp.
  
• Contractarianism By Ann E. Cudd, University of Kansas.
  
• Pascal's wager An argument due to Blaise Pascal for believing, or for at least taking steps to believe, in God. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Alan Hájek.
  
• Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics By Mark Colyvan, University of Tasmania.
  
• Constructive Mathematics By Douglas Bridges from Waikato University.
  
• Conventionality of Simultaneity By Allen I. Janis, University of Pittsburgh.
  
• Informal Logic By Leo Groarke, Wilfrid Laurier University.
  
• Properties Entry in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy by Chris Swoyer. Principally concerned with existence and identity conditions.
  
• Relevance Logic By Edwin D. Mares, Victoria University of Wellington.
  
• Behaviorism By George Graham of University of Alabama at Birmingham.
  
• Public Justification By Fred D'Agostino, University of New England, Australia.
  
• Category Theory Jean-Pierre Marquis of the University of Montreal introduces the general mathematical theory of structures and systems of structures.
  
• Alfred North Whitehead By A. D. Irvine.
  
• Folk Psychology as a Theory By Ian Ravenscroft, the Flinders University of South Australia.
  
• Artifact By Risto Hilpinen of the University of Miami.
  
• Holism and Nonseparability in Physics Comprehensive article by Richard Healey of the University of Arizona.
  
• Donald Davidson Jeff Malpas of the University of Tamania.
  
• Revision Theory of Truth Theory developed to analyze paradoxes that appear to show that common-sense beliefs about truth are inconsistent. By Eric M. Hammer.
  
• Friedrich Nietzsche Robert Wicks, University of Auckland.
  
• Existence By Barry Miller.
  
• Modal Logic Originally the study of deductive behavior of the expressions `it is necessary that' and `it is possible that', now also includes logics for belief, tense, the deontic (moral) expressions. By James W. Garson, University of Houston.
  
• Medieval Theories of Conscience The ability to act on the determinations of conscience is tied to the development of the moral virtues, which in turn refines the functions of conscience. By Doug Langston of the University of South Florida.
  
• Turing Machine Article on Turing Machines from the Stanford Encyclopedia.
  
• The Identity of Indiscernibles Peter Forrest introduces the principle of analytic ontology formulated by Leibniz, stating that no two distinct substances exactly resemble each other.
  
• Game Theory Von Neumann and Morgensterns mathematical theory of bargaining, introduced by Don Ross University of Cape Town.
  
• Virtue Epistemology By John Greco of Fordham.
  
• Arthur Prior Detailed biographical article by B. Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury.
  
• Many-Valued Logic Survey article on multiple-valued logics, by Siegfried Gottwaldof of Leipzig University.
  
• Aristotle's Political Theory By Fred D. Miller, Jr of Bowling Green State University.
  
• Identity Theory of Truth When a truth-bearer is true, there is a truth-maker with which it is identical and the truth of the former consists in its identity with the latter. By Stewart Candlish.
  
• Propositional Attitude Reports Explores semantic accounts of propositional attitude reports, and some of the theories developed to deal with Frege's puzzle. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Thomas J. McKay.
  
• Thought Experiments By James Robert Brown, University of Toronto.
  
• Ancient Skepticism Two movements in ancient philosophy, Pyrrhonism, and Academic Skepticism. By Leo Groarke.
  
• The Philosophy of Neuroscience By John Bickle and Peter Mandik.
  
• Substructural Logics By Greg Restall of Macquarie University.
  
• Paul Feyerabend Biographical and expository essay by John Preston of Reading University.
  
• Measurement in Quantum Theory Study of the details and some of the implications of the measurement problem. By Henry Krips of the University of Pittsburgh.
  
• Actualism By Christopher Menzel.
  
• Reichenbach's Common Cause Principle By Frank Arntzenius of Rutgers.
  
• Private Language By Stewart Candlish from the University of Western Australia.
  
• Logical Form Introduction to logical form, surface and deep meaning. By Paul M. Pietroski, University of Maryland.
  
• Connectionism Movement in cognitive science which hopes to explain human intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks. By James W. Garson of the University of Houston.
  
• Hegel, G. W. F. Paul Redding of the University of Sydney.
  
• Peirce's Logic By Eric M. Hammer of Stanford.
  
• Medieval Theories of Modality By Simo Knuuttila of the University of Helsinki.
  
• Nineteenth Century Geometry By Roberto Torretti, Universidad de Chile.
  
• Temporal Logic The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on the subject, with a detailed description, application areas and a bibliography.
  
• The Hole Argument The hole argument is an attempt to illustrate how spacetime substantivalism causes errors in a large class of spacetime theories. By John D. Norton of the University of Pittsburgh.
  
• Dialetheism Dialeth(e)ism is the view that there are true contradictions. By Graham Priest of the University of Queensland.
  
• Cosmology and Theology Deals with the cosmological argument. By John Leslie of the University of Guelph.
  
• Square of Opposition By Terence Parsons.
  
• Probabilistic Causation "Probabilistic Causation" designates a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory. A primary motivation for the development of such theories is the desire for a theory of causation that does not presuppose physical determinism.
  
• Supertasks Introduced by Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia from the University of the Basque Country.
  
• Søren Kierkegaard Essay about Kierkegaard's life, work, and philosophy by William McDonald.
  
• Teleological Notions in Biology By Colin Allen of Texas A & M.
  
• Color Metaphysical and epistemological accounts of color. By Barry Maund of the University of Western Australia.
  
• Intuitionistic Logic The principles L. E. J. Brouwer used in developing his intuitionistic mathematics. By Joan R. Moschovakis, UCLA.
  
• Thomas Aquinas Biographical and expository essay, by Ralph McInerny.
  
• Maritain, Jacques By William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University.
  
• Gottlob Frege Edward N. Zalta of the Metaphysics Research Lab.
  
• Cognitive Science The study of mind and intelligence. By Paul Thagard of the University of Waterloo.
  
• Aristotle's Psychology Recounts the principal and distinctive claims of Aristotle's psychological writings, especially "De Anima." By Christopher Shields of the University of Colorado.
  
• Infinitary Logic Infinitary Logic is a branch of formal logic where finitary formulae are replaced by potentially infinitary mathematical entities. By John L. Bell.
  
• Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics Describes Everett's attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from the standard von Neumann-Dirac theory of quantum mechanics. By Jeffrey A. Barrett.
  
• Singular Propositions Propositions about a particular object or individual in virtue of having the object or individual as a constituent of the proposition. By G. W. Fitch.
  
• Mental Imagery By Nigel Thomas of Leeds University.
  
• Frege's Logic, Theorem, and Foundations for Arithmetic By Edward N. Zalta of Stanford University.
  
• Structured Propositions To say that propositions are structured is to say that they are complex entities, entities having parts or constituents. By Jeffrey C. King.
  
• Philip the Chancellor Life and work of this 13th-century philosopher, theologian, and lyric poet. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Colleen McCluskey.
  
• The St. Petersburg Paradox By Robert M. Martin, Dalhousie University.
  
• Principia Mathematica Entry by A.D. Irvine discussing Russell and Whitehead's treatise.
  
• Holes Short article by Roberto Casati of the École Polytechnique and Achille C. Varzi of Columbia.
  
• Ontological Arguments Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premisses which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation of the world. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Graham Oppy.
  
• Representational Theories of Consciousness By William Lycan, University of North Carolina.
  
• Experiments in Physics By Allan Franklin, University of Colorado.
  
• Feminist Perspectives on the Self By Diana Meyers of the University of Connecticut.
  
• Miracles Exploring Hume's argument and the religious significance. By Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia.
  
• Aristotle's Logic Survey of Aristotle's logical work, focus on the "Organon," syllogistic, and dialectic. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robin Smith.
  
• Historicist Theories of Rationality By Carl Matheson of the University of Manitoba.
  
• Prisoner's Dilemma By Steven T. Kuhn of Georgetown University.
  
• Medieval Theories of Practical Reason From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Anthony Celano.
  
• The Identity Theory of Mind Evaluates the theory that holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain. By J. J. C. Smart of Monash.
  
• Vagueness By Roy Sorensen.
  
• Mental Representation According to the Representational Theory of Mind, psychological states are to be understood as relations between agents and mental representations. By David Pitt, CUNY.
  
• Paraconsistent Logic By Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka.
  
• Saint Anselm By Thomas Williams, University of Iowa.
  
• Descartes' Epistemology By Lex Newman of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
  
• Medieval Theories of Analogy By E. Jennifer Ashworth of the University of Waterloo.
  
• Time Travel and Modern Physics Survey of philosophical woories about inconsistencies inherent in the idea of time travel in the context of modern physics. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Tim Maudlin.